Stock Farmer

Stock Farmer

Stock Farmer >>> https://shurll.com/2tk6Fv

We chose to prevent specific occupations from being recorded as each other by putting zeros in αϕ,i for the corresponding entries. This prevents a dairy farmer from being recorded as a meatworker (or vice versa) while allowing all occupations to be recorded either correctly or as farmer or unknown. We take αϕ,i to be 0.8/3 in the non-zero entries, following the non-informative prior recommended by Berger et al. [9] of using 0.8 divided by the dimension.

Figure 2 shows the posterior distribution of the proportion of notified leptospirosis cases to occur in each month of the year, by occupation. The crosses indicate the proportions observed in the corresponding data. There are striking falls in both predicted and observed proportions in dairy farmers in the early winter and in other occupations in the early spring. These coincide with the start of the dry period, when cows are not milked, for dairy farmers and as temperatures start to rise when rodents leave the built environment for other occupations.

The posterior median and 90% CI for the proportion of notified leptospirosis cases from each serovar by occupation is shown in figure 3 (circles). The intervals alongside (crosses) indicate the corresponding observation in the dataset, with 90% Goodman multinomial confidence intervals [11]. Although the inferred distributions follow the observed data closely, there is a reduction in the uncertainty due to the additional cases recorded as farmer or unknown.

Interestingly, although livestock vaccines contain Hardjo and Pomona, the proportion of dairy farmers notified with leptospirosis due to Hardjo is much higher than the proportion notified with Pomona (figure 3). Hardjo antibody titres in patients may be due to another endemic serovar, Balcanica. Balcanica and Hardjo are both in the Sejroë serogroup, and thus serologically indistinguishable using current diagnostic methods [15]. In New Zealand, serovar Balcanica is maintained in the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and does spill-over to cattle and other animals [16].

Each insurer has sole financial responsibility for its own insurance. List of all insurers at farmers.com. Not all insurers are authorized in all states. Not all products, coverages, features and discounts are available in every state and may vary by state. Restrictions, exclusions, limits, and conditions apply. See agent for details.

Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to provide labor and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to animals who are raised for consumption, and sometimes used to refer solely to farmed ruminants, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs.[1] Horses are considered livestock in the United States.[2] The USDA classifies pork, veal, beef, and lamb (mutton) as livestock, and all livestock as red meat. Poultry and fish are not included in the category.[3] The latter is likely due to the fact that fish products are not governed by the USDA, but by the FDA.

The breeding, maintenance, slaughter and general subjugation of livestock, called animal husbandry, is a part of modern agriculture and has been practiced in many cultures since humanity's transition to farming from hunter-gatherer lifestyles. Animal husbandry practices have varied widely across cultures and time periods. It continues to play a major economic and cultural role in numerous communities.

Livestock farming practices have largely shifted to intensive animal farming.[4] Intensive animal farming increases the yield of the various commercial outputs, but also negatively impacts animal welfare, the environment, and public health.[5] In particular, beef, dairy and sheep are an outsized source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.

The word livestock was first used between 1650 and 1660, as a compound word combining the words \"live\" and \"stock\".[6] In some periods, \"cattle\" and \"livestock\" have been used interchangeably. Today,[specify] the modern meaning of cattle is domesticated bovines, while livestock has a wider sense.[7]

Deadstock is defined in contradistinction to livestock as \"animals that have died before slaughter, sometimes from illness or disease\". It is illegal in many countries, such as Canada, to sell or process meat from dead animals for human consumption.[9]

Animal-rearing originated during the cultural transition to settled farming communities from hunter-gatherer lifestyles. Animals are domesticated when their breeding and living conditions are controlled by humans. Over time, the collective behaviour, lifecycle and physiology of livestock have changed radically. Many modern farmed animals are unsuited to life in the natural world.

Micro-livestock is the term used for much-smaller animals, usually mammals. The two predominant categories are rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits). Even-smaller animals are kept and raised, such as crickets and honey bees. Micro-livestock does not generally include fish (aquaculture) or chickens (poultry farming).

Traditionally, animal husbandry was part of the subsistence farmer's way of life, producing not only the food needed by the family but also the fuel, fertiliser, clothing, transport and draught power. Killing the animal for food was a secondary consideration, and wherever possible their products, such as wool, eggs, milk and blood (by the Maasai) were harvested while the animal was still alive.[17]

In the traditional system of transhumance, humans and livestock moved seasonally between fixed summer and winter pastures; in montane regions the summer pasture was up in the mountains, the winter pasture in the valleys.[18]

In rural locations, pigs and poultry can obtain much of their nutrition from scavenging, and in African communities, hens may live for months without being fed, and still produce one or two eggs a week.[17] At the other extreme, in the more Western parts of the world, animals are often intensively managed; dairy cows may be kept in zero-grazing conditions with all their forage brought to them; beef cattle may be kept in high density feedlots;[22] pigs may be housed in climate-controlled buildings and never go outdoors;[23] poultry may be reared in barns and kept in cages as laying birds under lighting-controlled conditions. In between these two extremes are semi-intensive, often family-run farms where livestock graze outside for much of the year, silage or hay is made to cover the times of year when the grass stops growing, and fertiliser, feed and other inputs are bought onto the farm from outside.[24]

Livestock farmers have often dealt with natural world animals' predation and theft by rustlers. In North America, animals such as gray wolves, grizzly bears, cougars, and coyotes are sometimes considered a threat to livestock. In Eurasia and Africa, predators include wolves, leopards, tigers, lions, dholes, Asiatic black bears, crocodiles, spotted hyenas, and other carnivores. In South America, feral dogs, jaguars, anacondas, and spectacled bears are threats to livestock. In Australia, dingoes, foxes, and wedge-tailed eagles are common predators, with an additional threat from domestic dogs who may kill in response to a hunting instinct, leaving the carcass uneaten.[25][26]

Good husbandry, proper feeding, and hygiene are the main contributors to animal health on farms, bringing economic benefits through maximised production. When, despite these precautions, animals still become sick, they are treated with veterinary medicines, by the farmer and the veterinarian. In the European Union, when farmers treat the animals, they are required to follow the guidelines for treatment and to record the treatments given.[27]

Animals are susceptible to a number of diseases and conditions that may affect their health. Some, like classical swine fever[28] and scrapie[29] are specific to one population of animals, while others, like foot-and-mouth disease affect all cloven-hoofed animals.[30] Where the condition is serious, governments impose regulations on import and export, on the movement of livestock, quarantine restrictions and the reporting of suspected cases. Vaccines are available against certain diseases, and antibiotics are widely used where appropriate.

At one time, antibiotics were routinely added to certain compound foodstuffs to promote growth, but this is now[specify] considered poor practice in many countries because of the risk that it may lead to antibiotic resistance.[31] Animals living under intensive conditions are particularly prone to internal and external parasites; increasing numbers of sea lice are affecting farmed salmon in Scotland.[32] Reducing the parasite burdens of livestock results in increased productivity and profitability.[33]

Local and regional livestock auctions and commodity markets facilitate trade in livestock. In Canada at the Cargill slaughterhouse in High River, Alberta, 2,000 workers process 4,500 cattle per day, or more than one-third of Canada's capacity. It closed when some of its workers became infected with coronavirus disease 2019.[37][38] The Cargill plant together with the JBS plant in Brooks, Alberta and the Harmony Beef plant in Balzac, Alberta represent fully three-quarters of the Canadian beef supply.[38] In other areas, livestock may be bought and sold in a bazaar or wet market, such as may be found in many parts of Central Asia.

In non-Western countries, providing access to markets has encouraged farmers to invest in livestock, with the result being improved livelihoods. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has worked in Zimbabwe to help farmers make their most of their livestock herds.[39]

Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the world environment. It is responsible for somewhere between 20 and 33% of the fresh water usage in the world,[43] and livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of Earth's ice-free land.[44] Livestock production is a contributing factor in species extinction, desertification,[45] and habitat destruction.[46] Meat is considered one of the prime factors contributing to the current sixth mass extinction.[47][48][49][50] Animal agriculture contributes to species extinction in various ways. Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for animal grazing (for example, animal husbandry is responsible for up to 91% of the deforestation in the Amazon region[51]), while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted and hunted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits. The newest report released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that between the 1970s and 2000s agricultural emission increases were directly linked to an increase in livestock. The population growth of livestock (including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats) is done with the intention of increasing animal production, but in turn increases emissions.[52] 59ce067264

https://www.findhomevictoriabc.ca/forum/general-discussions/where-can-i-buy-free-range-chicken